Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has struck fear into populaces all through the world and shocked the worldwide restorative community, with the World Health Organization pronouncing it a widespread as it were approximately 3 months after the flare-up of the infection. A new different virus (primarily called “novel coronavirus 2019 [nCoV]”) causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019 and rapidly spread to other parts of China and other countries around the world. The outbreak of the nCoV disease (COVID-19) has caused more than 850,000 people infected and approx. 40,000 of deaths in more than 190 countries up to March 2020, extremely affecting economic and social development. Presently, the number of infections and deaths is still increasing rapidly. COVID-19 seriously threatens human health, production, life, social functioning, and international relations. In the fight against COVID-19, geographic information systems (GIS) and big data technologies have played an important role in many aspects. This article describes the usage of practical GIS and mapping dashboards and applications for monitoring the coronavirus epidemic and related activities as they spread around the world. At the fact level, in the generation of massive data, information no longer come on the whole from the authorities but are gathered from greater diverse enterprises. As of now and for a long time in future, the improvement of GIS should be fortified to create a data-driven framework for fast information securing, which implies that GIS ought to be utilized to fortify the social operation parameterization of models and methods, particularly when giving back for social administration.

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Background: Once the year comes to end, around late November up to February, there prevails the dry cold wind originated from the Sahara Desert in North Africa toward the West African countries called Harmattan. The Harmattan season has adverse effects on human health and comfort. There is a wide spread of airborne diseases coupled with the dryness of human skin. Small children are mostly dehydrated. Aim and Objectives: This study focused on the impacts of the Harmattan season in Keffi town, Nasarawa state, Nigeria, on human health. Materials and Methods: The use of correlation and regression analysis is employed to analyse the data. It also involved the collection of data from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency. The field survey also confined about 100 respondents. Result: The results indicate a positive correlation between the Harmattan and its impact on human health, with about 0.64. The climate and anthropogenic factors are mostly the responsible factors influencing the high prevalence of Harmattan. Conclusion: Nevertheless, there is the good side of the Harmattan season, such as the lowering of environmental temperature and some crops enjoy the cold season.

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Background: In Bangladesh, bloodstream infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and empirical treatment based on clinical symptoms. Patient's final outcome might be improved with detailed and organized surveillance studies on bloodstream isolates and their resistance. Materials and Methods: Our study was conducted with a total of 520 suspected bacteremia patients from December 2017 to November 2018. Results: Approximately 60% and 49% of the suspected cases were male and in the age group 17–50 years, respectively, with increasing prevalence found from May 2018 to November 2018, whereas, highest was found in July 2018. Only 11.15% of the patients showed blood culture positive outcomes with 74% were Gram-negative and 26% were Gram-positive. Highest drug resistance was found with azithromycin against all the isolates, except for Staphylococcus aureus that showed 50% resistance. Among 58 isolates, 57 and 56 isolates were found sensitive to imipenem and amikacin, respectively. However, all the tested isolates were found 100% sensitive against fourth generation, cefepime, and piperacillin/tazobactam. There were no isolates completely resistant to all the antibiotics tested. It is alarming that 22.41% of the isolates were found multidrug resistant. Conclusion: We expect our present work will be helpful for health-care personnel to provide improved treatment, as well as the researcher and policymakers from hospital and government to take a step in reducing the irrational antibiotic practice.

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Background: Around the world, there is no population clear from urinary tract infection (UTI), particularly among women. UTI is considered the most predominant bacterial infection. This study aimed to detect the incidence of the most common major uropathogens in patients severe from UTI with antibiotic-sensitivity tests that assist urologist doctors for appropriate antimicrobial empirical therapy. Materials and Methods: This study was carried in a private laboratory in Babil city, Iraq, from May 2019 to May 2020. A total of 70 individuals suffering from the clear symptoms of UTI, as well as, 20 healthy persons participated in this study as a control group. Then, the standard microbiological methods carried out to isolate and identify the the bacterial species. Antimicrobial-susceptibility tests were performed using different antimicrobial discs by applying the Kirby–Bauer disc-diffusion method. Results: Totally, 90 specimens were obtained from them 20 control group, 19 with no growth, and 51 patients with bacterial growth distributed as 43 (83%) females and 8 (17%) males. Escherichia coli were the most common predominant organisms. All isolates were showed a high rate of resistance to evaluated cephalosporins 100% and 82% to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone, respectively, while very low resistance recorded in aminoglycosides 20% and 13% to Gentamicin and amikacin, respectively. Most age group infected with UTI was 21–40 year-old. Conclusion: The current study showed an increasing burden of UTI caused by various bacteria implicated in UTI that causes changeable sensitivity to various antimicrobial agents. Therefore, in clinical use appropriate medications should be selected based on the data obtained from antimicrobial-susceptibility tests.

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Organophosphate pesticides are used in agriculture to protect plants and livestock from pests so as to increase food yield. They are also used to control household and structural pests. Organophosphate pesticides inhibit acetylcholinesterase, preventing the break-down of acetylcholine in the nervous system which leads to the accumulation of acetylcholine in nerve endings resulting in paralysis. Information on organophosphate pesticides, mechanism of action of organophosphate chemicals, organophosphate toxicity, biological monitoring, and regulation of pesticides was obtained from other published articles, textbooks, and relevant internet sites. Studies have shown that there is a link between sensorimotor and cognitive impairments to organophosphate exposure as well as a link between affective disorders, depression, and suicide to the acute and chronic exposure to organophosphate insecticides in humans. Although being used as a pesticide and an insecticide, organophosphate chemicals pose a huge danger to health and as such, there should be general public awareness on its health risk with continuous and unguarded exposure to it.

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Bone replacement in materials had been used in a wide variety of surgical approaches. The use of such bone grafts for reconstructing osseous defects is the choice of periodontist, which significantly improves the clinical outcome in regeneration procedures. It increases the bone formation and quality of vital bone. A wide range of bone grafting materials, have been applied and evaluated clinically, including autografts, allografts, xenografts, and alloplasts. It substitutes as a basic building block for the periodontal reconstruction, by providing clinical application with its biological functions. This review insight various use of bone graft materials and its characteristic features in promoting its bone formation and emphasis on recent advances in this field.

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Treatment of the oral cavity leukoplakia, a potentially malignant lesion, is presently not evidenced based. Leukoplakia is a premalignant lesion of the oral cavity which has increased risk for oral cancer. If the leukoplakia is treated in its incipient stage, the chance of occurrence of the oral cancer can be reduced. Although there are several treatment options for leukoplakia, there is no specific and appropriate one for minimizing the malignant transformation of the leukoplakia. Tobacco and prolonged use of alcohol can cause significant risk factors toward origin of the oral cavity leukoplakia. Surgical excision, cryotherapy, and laser excision are the useful modes of the treatment for oral leukoplakia, but the minimizing the risk of the malignant transformation is still doubtful. However, the medical treatment for oral cavity leukoplakia is often attractive particularly to prevent the transformation of the leukoplakia into malignancy. The medical treatment is based on chemoprevention such as Vitamin A and retinoid, carotenoids, tea extract, bleomycin, and Vitamin C have been used although with inconclusive output. The nonsurgical treatment overweighs because of its non-invasiveness, good cosmetic result, well tolerated by the patient without cumulative toxicity and used when the surgery is avoided or contraindicated. In this review article, we will discuss different nonsurgical treatment options for oral cavity leukoplakia.

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Background: Neonatal sepsis is one of the most common causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Before getting the culture results, it is necessary to initiate empirical antibiotics based on the epidemiology of causative agents and antibiotic sensitivity patterns in the area. Our study aimed to determine the bacteriological profile of common etiologic agents of neonatal sepsis and their antibiotics-sensitivity pattern. Methodology: This study was a descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective hospital-based survey of 250 neonates' reports with positive blood culture, which was carried out in the Department of Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology of Soba University hospital from January 1, 2017, to July 31, 2017. The data were collected by using a predesigned checklist and were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Univariate, as well as multivariate analysis, were performed in this study to analyze the data. Results: Gram-negative bacteria were commonly isolated (56%). The most frequently isolated organism was Staphylococcus aureus(34.8%) followed by Pseudomonas species (33.6%) and Klebsiella species (15.2%). Moreover, overall sensitivity among Gram-negative isolates was to imipenem (87.1%), followed by ciprofloxacin (84.7%) and amikacin (75.9%), whereas Gram-positive isolates had a high sensitivity of (93.6%) to vancomycin. Conclusion: Among the studied samples, the most frequently isolated organism was S. aureus. The overall sensitivity among Gram-negative isolates was higher to imipenem ciprofloxacin and amikacin, whereas Gram-positive isolates had a high sensitivity to vancomycin.

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Objectives: The objective of the study was to discuss the influence of the intervention program of strength training on the hidden obese college students on the basis of aerobics movement. Methods: By means of the voluntary principle, 28 college students with invisibility obesity were selected from the test instruments, such as height and weight, and they were randomly divided into observation group and control group, each of which was 14. The control group adopted a routine training program, and the observation group adopted aerobics and strength training intervention program for 6 weeks. Moreover, the physical form, physical quality, and so on of the two groups of invisible obese college social workers were observed. Results: The body composition, skinfold thickness, strength, and flexibility of college students were significantly better than those in the control group. Compared with before training, the improvement effect is very obvious, and the difference is significant (P < 0.05). However, in the body circumference and the lung activity, the improvement was not obvious (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Aerobics combined with strength training intervention can improve the body composition of invisible obese college students, improve strength and muscle content, and can improve flexibility. Moreover, the impact is very obvious.

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Background: Ankle pain is a disabling clinical complaint with substantial negative impact on patients' quality of life. The etiology of foot/ankle pain is multifactorial. Despite careful and detailed clinical history and accurate physical examination, reaching an accurate diagnosis is often difficult because nontraumatic ankle pain has a broad-spectrum etiology. Imaging plays a vital role in the etiology of ankle pain. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study done in collaboration between department of orthopedics and radiodiagnosis and imaging on 43 patients from August 2018 to December 2019. Plain radiography of the ankle joint with anteroposterior and lateral views was done in every patient. Further investigations were advised using the American College of Radiology Appropriateness criteria scale for chronic ankle pain. Results: The most common causes of nontraumatic ankle pain were tendinosis of Achilles 6 (13.9%) including calcific tendinitis, tenosynovitis of other tendons 4 (9.3%), and benign bone tumors 4 (9.3%). Overall imaging was able to pick probable etiology in 34 out of 43 patients. No possible cause could be found in nine cases. Conclusion: Radiological imaging, especially cross-sectional imaging, is an asset for diagnosing etiology of ankle pain. Orthopedicians should not hesitate in referring patients with ankle pain to the radiology department.

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Objectives: The objective of this study is to explore the intervention effect of group intervention on the depression of urban college students and explore the methods of group training in colleges and universities. Methods: In this study, forty students with depression were selected as participants, and they were divided into the observation group and control group randomly. 49D cognitive coping group training and psychological intervention were carried out for the students in the observation group, and the normal training was taken in the control group. The intervention effects of three kinds of measuring tools, namely Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), attritional style questionnaire, and SCSQ were compared to 7D college students before and after intervention. After 6 months, the SDS self-assessment scale was used to measure the return visit. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in depression score between the observation group and the control group before intervention (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Group intervention on the depression of urban college students can obviously improve their depression and promote their mental health. Therefore, it should be actively carried out.

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Study Background: Raw cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruit juice contains substances of health benefits. Metabolism of lipids takes place in the liver. Overdose of amoxicillin (an antibiotic) can cause hemolysis, hepatotoxicity, and inflammation. Aim and Objective: This work was designed to determine the possible metabolic abnormalities of total cholesterol (T-Chol), total triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-Chol), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-Chol) in rabbits given amoxicillin overdose and raw cucumber (C. sativus) fruit juice. Materials and Methods: Fifteen rabbits of the same sex weighing 0.9–1.4 kg divided into three groups of five rabbits each were used for the study. Group A – Five control rabbits; Group B – Five rabbits given 30 mg/kg BW subcutaneous injection of amoxicillin every 24 h for 7 days which was followed by 30 ml raw cucumber fruit juice supplementation for 14 days; Group C – Five rabbits were given 30 mg/kg BW subcutaneous injection of amoxicillin every 24 h and raw cucumber fruit juice supplementation for 14 days simultaneously. Plasma T-Chol, total TGs, and HDL-Chol were determined in the rabbits biochemically using spectrophotometry. Results: The results obtained showed a significant decrease in the plasma T-Chol and HDL-Chol in the rabbits when they were given 30 mg/kg BW subcutaneous injection of amoxicillin every 24 h for 7 days compared with the results obtained in the normal control rabbits, their basal samples, and the results obtained when the rabbits were supplemented with 30 ml raw cucumber fruit juice for 14 days after amoxicillin overdose with P < 0.05. Conclusion: The work showed a significant decrease in the plasma T-ChoL and HDL-Chol in the rabbits when they were given overdose of amoxicillin while plasma values of these parameters were significantly increased though not higher than in the control rabbits and basal samples when the rabbits were supplemented with raw cucumber fruit juice.

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Study Background: Raw cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruit juice contains substances of health benefits. Na, K, urea, and creatinine are indices of nephrotoxicity. Overdose of amoxicillin, an antibiotic, could cause hemolysis and nephrotoxicity. Aim and Objective: This work was therefore designed to evaluate plasma Na, K, urea, and creatinine in rabbits given amoxicillin overdose supplemented with cucumber (C. sativus) fruit juice. Materials and Methods: Fifteen rabbits of the same sex weighing 0.9–1.4 kg divided into three groups of five rabbits each were used for the study. Group A – Five control rabbits; Group B – Five rabbits given 30 mg/kg BW subcutaneous injection of amoxicillin every 24 h for 7 days which was followed by 30 mL raw cucumber fruit juice supplementation for 14 days; Group C – Five rabbits given 30 mg/kg BW subcutaneous injection of amoxicillin every 24 h and raw cucumber fruit juice supplementation for 14 days simultaneously. Plasma K (mmol/L), creatinine (mg/dL), and urea (mg/dL) were determined in the rabbits biochemically by spectrophotometry using COBAS 111. Results: There was a significant decrease in the plasma values of K (mmol/L), creatinine (mg/dL), and urea (mg/dL) following the administration of 30 mL raw cucumber fruit juice supplementation for 14 days than when they were given 30 mg/kg BW subcutaneous injection of amoxicillin every 24 h for 7 days with P < 0.05. There was a significant increase in the plasma values of K (mmol/L), creatinine (mg/dL), and urea (mg/dL) following the administration 30 mg/kg BW subcutaneous injection of amoxicillin every 24 h for 7 days than when they were given 30 mL of raw cucumber fruit juice supplementation for 14 days; basal samples; and also than the results obtained from the control rabbits with P < 0.05. There was also a significant increase in the plasma values of K (mmol/L), following the administration of 30 mL raw cucumber fruit juice supplementation for 14 days than the results obtained from the control rabbits with P < 0.05. Conclusion: This work revealed possible nephrotoxicity following the administration of amoxicillin overdose as indicated by raised plasma K (mmol/L), creatinine (mg/dL), and urea (mg/dL), while the supplementation of raw cucumber fruit juice revealed nephroprotective and decrease in plasma K (mmol/L), creatinine (mg/dL), and urea (mg/dL). Raw cucumber fruit juice could be applied to reduce drug-induced nephrotoxicity.

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Objectives: The objective is to discuss the effects of whey protein on the aerobic exercise ability of football players. Methods: A total of 36 college football players were randomly divided into control group and observation group. Eighteen cases in the control group were given pure water for athletes, and 18 in the observation group were given whey protein which was used as an athlete's supplementary ability. The two groups of footballers were given 8 weeks of physical training, and the athletes needed additional energy within 1 h before and after training. The physical fitness test and blood biochemical index of the two groups of football players were observed and recorded. Results: Compared with the control group, the erythrocyte function of the observation group was more significant, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The results of physical fitness test in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The application of whey protein to soccer players can strengthen the protection of erythrocyte function and has certain application value.

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Objectives: The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between college students' emotion management ability and mental health. Methods: A total of 1000 college students from four universities in our city were selected as the object of the study. The emotion management ability of 1000 college students was analyzed by means of questionnaire, and the mental health status of college students was measured with symptom checklist (SCL)-90. The average scores of the five dimensions of college students' emotional management ability are classified as follows: Controlling negative vent >rational regulation >seeking outside support >controlling negative suggestion >positive remedy. Results: The results showed that there were obvious negative correlations between the three factors and the SCL-90 factors, such as the rational control of college students, the control of negative implications, and the control of negative venting. However, there is only a negative correlation between college students' seeking outside help and interpersonal, paranoid, psychotic, and depressive factors. Positive remedies were negatively correlated with the symptoms of compulsion, psychosis, and depressive factors, while positive remedies and paranoia factor and hostile factor are obviously related. Conclusions: In the investigation of college students' emotional management ability, the five dimensions are closely related to their mental health status. Therefore, we should pay attention to the cultivation of college students' emotional ability and encourage them to participate in some meaningful activities to improve their mental health.

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Objectives: The objective of this study is to explore the effect of oral creatine on the anaerobic exercise ability of soccer players. Methods: Twenty healthy football players in five football teams were selected as the study participants, and they were randomly divided into the observation group and control group, each of which was 10. The football players in the control group were given glucose at a rate of 5 g/time, and the members of the observation group were given creatine glucose at a rate of 5 g/time and the supplementation of the two groups was 5 g × 4 when they have their meals and before bedtime. During the period, the training of the football players is normal. Moreover, the blood lactic acid and oxygen-free work of the two groups were compared. Results: After having oral creatine, the peak of oxygen-free work of the observation group was significantly increased, which was obviously superior to the control group without oral creatine. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). After having oral creatine, the lactate level of 3 min in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group after exercise, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions: After the oral creatine is taken orally, the peak of the oxygen-free work, the explosive force and the action quality of the football player can be improved. Significantly, it can increase the speed of movement fatigue recovery and it is worth popularizing.

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Objectives: To apply the acupuncture and moxibustion to the treatment of patients with depression and study the serum brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) level, C-reactive protein (CRP), and zinc level in the patients. Methods: Thirty-five patients with depression treated in our hospital were selected as the research individuals, and they were randomly divided into the control group and the observation group. Seventeen patients in the control group were treated with head massage and 18 patients in the observation group were treated with acupuncture. The levels of BDNF, CRP, and zinc were measured and recorded by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The levels of BDNF in serum BDNF in the control group were significantly higher than those in the control group, and there was a significant difference between the two groups in serum BDNF levels (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the CRP decreased significantly in the observation group, and there was significant difference in the CRP between the two groups (P < 0.05). The level of zinc in the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group, and there was a significant difference in the level of zinc in the two groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The treatment of acupuncture and moxibustion can effectively reduce the level of serum BDNF in patients, the level of zinc, and CRP, which has a certain value of research.

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Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of radiographic Singh index (SI) with respect to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan in diagnosing osteoporosis. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on 100 postmenopausal women in the Department of Radiodiagnosis, SKIMS, Soura, Srinagar, from June 2019 to December 2019. We obtained right or left standard anteroposterior hip radiograph in each patient and compared its SI grade to the densitometry results obtained from the DEXA study of the corresponding hip. Results: Out of the selected patients, 7% had DEXA bone mineral density (BMD) values in normal range (T-score ≤1), 81% in osteopenic range (T-score >1.00–<2.5), and 12% in osteoporotic range (T-score ≥2.5). There was no statistically significant correlation (r = −0.108, P = 0.286) between SI grade and WHO BMD category (normal, osteopenia, or osteoporosis). There was no statistically significant correlation (r = 0.191, P = 0.057) between the SI grade and the mean absolute DEXA BMD value. There was also no statistically significant correlation (r = −0.195, P = 0.052) between SI grade and mean DEXA T-score. Conclusion: Our study found a poor correlation between radiographic SI and DEXA densitometry results. We concluded that the SI cannot be used as a substitute for DEXA study in diagnosing osteoporosis.

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Background: Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are mainly viral in their etiologies but sometimes are complicated by secondary bacterial infections detected by the persistence of symptoms. This study aimed to evaluate community pharmacist's knowledge and practice regarding URTIs. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed using self-administered questionnaire. The study targeted 338 community pharmacists selected randomly from community pharmacies in Khartoum state. The overall knowledge and practice scores were calculated, then the associations between these scores and demographic characteristics were evaluated using Chi-square test and analyzed by statistical package for social sciences. Results: Out of 327 pharmacists, 65.4% of them were females. Whereas pharmacists with B. Pharm. represented 79.1%. Regarding the knowledge, it was found that 59.7% of community pharmacists have sufficient knowledge toward URTIs, while 40.3% of them have insufficient knowledge. Community pharmacists exhibited varying degrees of practice, but most of them have a good practice. Furthermore, 52.6% of them reported patient's interest as barrier to counseling, while 38.9% reported pharmacy crowdedness as a barrier. Statistically, higher knowledge scores are associated mainly with female gender and educational levels. On the another hand, 64.4% of the participants relied on medical websites as a source of information. Conclusion: Community pharmacists have good knowledge about URTIs. The practice is diverse, but good practice is mainly linked to those with sufficient knowledge. Most of the community pharmacists relied on medical websites as a source of information.

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The current novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).COVID-19 is presenting a significant challenges to the surgical specialties specifically otolaryngologists and head and neck specialties those are dealing with upper airway such as larynx, trachea, and bronchus. The traditional airway procedure like microlaryngeal surgery, tracheostomy, and bronchoscopy are highly aerosol generating surgery often managed by otolaryngologists. The laryngotracheobronchial airway has a high viral density and so it is expected to expel more transmission of the infections in COVID-19 pandemic. This is why the otolaryngologists or laryngologists are more vulnerable medical professional in this dreaded pandemic. Surgeons have high risk for getting the infections during examinations or surgical procedure on the laryngotracheobronchial airway. The surgical interventions should adopt adequate precautions to limit the viral dissemination. Effective management of the suspicious or positive cases of COVID-19 required careful consideration for the safety of the surgeons and associated team members for ensuring the best possible care of the patients. This review article will provide an overview of common methods to limit the viral transmission to the otolaryngologists/surgeons and assisting health care staffs from COVID-19 infections during management of the laryngotracheobronchial airway.

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The coronavirus adheres to the nasal ciliated epithelium and replicates before transporting it to the nasopharynx. Immunopathogenesis and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are influenced by viral and immune system factors. COVID-19 infection is capable of producing an excessive immune reaction in the host that called a cytokine storm. The effect is extensive tissue destruction. Detection and monitoring of the immunopathological changes in patients with COVID-19 may provide potential targets for drug development and discovery, besides it is necessary for clinical management. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundant antibody class present at mucosal surfaces, including the upper respiratory tract, providing the first line of defense in mucosal immunity at the primary site of virus infection. Secretory IgA neutralizes the virus without causing inflammation because of its inability to fix and activate the complement cascade. Hence, it is suggested that induction of the mucosal immune response is more desirable to prevent respiratory infection to avoid unregulated inflammatory innate responses and impaired adaptive immune responses that may lead to locally and systemically harmful tissue damage. The advantage of IgA for protecting mucosal surfaces, such as the respiratory tract, relates to the presence of a specialized mechanism for transporting oligomeric IgA across epithelial surfaces.

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The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has made all the national leaders and the international organizations realize that the health sector progress in containment of infectious disease is still not enough. Being an infectious disease, which is highly contagious and is transmitted through close contact or droplets, the importance of infection prevention measures like frequent hand washing, cough etiquettes, etc., is indispensable. Amidst the background of COVID-19 infection, it is a must that the governments should ensure provision of universal access to hand hygiene stations, which can be used compulsorily by the people. In conclusion, in the global fight against COVID-19 pandemic, maintenance of hand hygiene has been regarded as the most effective approach to reduce the onward transmission of the infection. Thus, it is the responsibility of the public health authorities to create an adequate number of opportunities for the general community and the health care professionals to practice hand hygiene.

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